Many Galileo golf enthusiasts thoroughly enjoy practicing their game on beautifully designed golf courses. How are these courses specifically designed, and what technical requirements must they meet?

Golf holes vary in distances due to changes in terrain. Typically, these differing distances are categorized as long, medium, and short golf courses. Among the eighteen holes, there are four each of long and short distances, while ten are of medium distance, arranged in a mixed pattern. Most courses incorporate water bodies (resulting in a one-stroke penalty when landing in them), out-of-bounds areas (OB), which warrant a two-stroke penalty, and OB lines indicated by white stakes. Holes can encompass rough areas, fairways, sand traps, among other features, often with additional custom rules for each course.

The distribution of holes commonly includes 4 par-3 holes, 10 par-4 holes, and 4 par-5 holes. Golfers typically carry no more than 14 clubs, often using one driver, two fairway woods, nine irons, one putter, and a specialized club.

Standard strokes differ based on distance: 5 strokes for distances over 431 meters, 4 strokes for distances between 430.9 and 229.1 meters, and 3 strokes for distances below 229 meters. The determination of a course's standard strokes is based on overall distance and distribution, usually set at 18 holes and 72 strokes, occasionally varying for specific courses to 70 or 71 strokes. Professional golf matches often consist of more than four rounds, while women's events commonly have three rounds.

                                                 Golf course map

(1)开球区 (2)河川 (3)深草区 (4)界外 (5)沙坑 (6)水塘 (7)球道 (8)果岭 (9)旗竿 (10)球洞

Design Specifications:

1. Tailoring designs to fit the natural terrain, maximizing the utilization of natural landscapes, topography planning, and layout. Ensuring that the course's layout meets location-specific requirements and multifunctional use is essential. Modifying the terrain is necessary to ensure both scenic landscapes and effective drainage.
2. Implementing staged construction for the golf course, focusing primarily on nearby stages. The feasibility analysis of staged construction and economic aspects must be thorough, ensuring clear planning.
3. Planning the course to meet various functional requirements such as playing and recreational needs while considering ongoing development and multifaceted timing needs.
4. Spatial design integration with comprehensive planning including layout, terrain modification, vertical planning, road design, ecological green spaces, water management, and drainage. Analyzing spatial form and controlling space design from multiple perspectives.
5. Internal traffic routes and road systems should segregate recreational services from internal logistical routes, avoiding overlapping intersections.
6. Planning and constructing underground pipelines and cable layouts cohesively, creating shared underground infrastructure through comprehensive pipeline planning.

Folding Requirement Mode:

（1）Standard golf courses generally comprise 18 holes and are divided into outer and inner rings.

（2）Each hole consists of a tee area, fairway (also known as the channel), and the green. The total length for 18 holes must be controlled between 6002 to 6400 meters. During play, the standard first round involves playing two holes, the fourth round involves playing five holes, and the fifth round involves playing two holes. Each time, there are 36 rounds for both inner and outer circles, totaling 72 rounds, determining the winner.

  (3) Course planning and area: Planning for an 18-hole course requires an area of 50 to 75 hectares, while a 9-hole course needs 20 to 30 hectares. If the terrain fluctuates significantly or if there are rivers, ponds, or more water surfaces, a terrain coefficient of 1.3 to 1.7 should be applied.       

（4） Hole arrangement: The 18 holes of a standard golf course should be arranged sequentially. Players alternate between inner and outer holes in a circular fashion, termed the inner and outer rings. Therefore, the tee areas and holes of the first, tenth, ninth, and eighteenth holes should be placed near the clubhouse entrance for players' convenience in changing and restocking beverages and food. The holes can be arranged in a continuous loop according to the actual terrain, or in a mixed and interesting layout. Attention should be paid to the direction and orientation of hitting to avoid glare. Fairway design: Fairway lengths range between 100 yards (91.4 meters) to 600 yards (550 meters) and can be adjusted as needed. The fairway is a section of land between tee areas, with a width of 60 yards (approximately 55 meters). On either side of the fairway, natural terrain features can be used, adding barriers like trees, bushes, or mounds to prevent balls from going out of bounds.

(5) Green grass area, known as the putting green: This is the flat area where the ball lands after a golf shot, typically circular or elliptical, covering an area of approximately 500 to 1000 square meters. The golf hole is placed in the center, with a steel cylinder (D=100mm, h=200mm) embedded in the green. The surrounding terrain should have slopes less than 5% and elevations ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 meters.

(1) Site Selection for Golf Course Golf courses are typically situated on open, gently sloping terrain in hilly areas, covering 65 to 75 hectares, varying based on the number of holes. Specific site selection criteria include:

1. Terrain Requirements: The land should not be excessively rugged or steep, ideally preserving some gentle slopes and water features as natural barriers.
2. Soil Requirements: Quality grass is essential for fairways and greens; thus, thorough soil analysis is crucial. Sandy soil is ideal for golf courses. Consider the soil's nutrient content, ensuring it meets grass plantation needs for future maintenance.
3. Accessibility: Convenient access, typically near highways or urban roads, is necessary for golf courses.
4. Adequate Water Supply: Large turf maintenance demands ample water sources, a crucial factor for maintaining the course.
5. Elegant Environment: Selecting regions with an elegant environment and pleasant climate, such as lakesides, woodland areas, scenic spots, or hilly landscapes.

(2) Key Points in Course Design Golf course design offers flexibility, devoid of strict standardized dimensions. It primarily needs to meet the requirements for each hole's par and the length of fairways. Design principles include adapting to the existing terrain and natural landscapes, combining them with the competitive demands of the golf course. The goal is to minimize earthwork and integrate comprehensive planning and design for cost-effectiveness and individuality, attracting more members.

1. Tee Box Design: Tee boxes come in various shapes (rectangular, square, elliptical, etc.), usually ranging from 30-150 square meters, elevated 0.3-1.0 meters above surroundings for drainage and visibility.

2. Fairway Design: North-South alignment is preferable, with fairways typically 90-550 meters long and averaging 41 meters wide.

3. Green Design

   • Size and Smoothness: Greens, crucial areas of the course, should be uniform and smooth, with grass height between 5.0-6.4 millimeters.
   • Drainage: Designed to allow water runoff from two or more directions, avoiding player paths. Slope steepness limited to ensure proper ball movement post-strike.
   • Practice Greens: Located near clubhouses and the first tee, facilitating 9-18 holes with varying positions, maintaining a 3% slope for quality grass.

4. Hazards: Consisting of bunkers, water hazards, and tree groves, they penalize inaccurate shots, making recovery more challenging than from the fairway.

(3) Bunker and Water Features Explanation Explaining the specifications and placement of sand bunkers and water features.

(4) Distance Specifications for Short, Medium, and Long Holes Specifications for Par 3, Par 4, and Par 5 holes, including their respective yardage ranges for short, medium, and long holes.

(5) Design Components Beyond the Mentioned Aspects Besides the discussed elements, a golf course design typically includes practice areas, clubhouses, pavilions, etc., adaptable based on specific circumstances.

This compilation of factors ensures the creation of a golf course that meets technical standards while providing an aesthetically pleasing, challenging, and sustainable environment for players.